Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>CRISPRi</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPRi"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-CRISPRi rootpage-CRISPRi skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CRISPRi</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">
<p><b>CRISPRi</b> (von <i>CRISPR interference</i>) ist eine biochemische Methode zur Hemmung einer bestimmten <a href="Transkription_(Biologie)" title="Transkription (Biologie)">Transkription</a>, die eine <a href="Genexpression" title="Genexpression">Genexpression</a> des blockierten <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gens</a> hemmt (<a href="Gen-Knockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen-Knockdown">Gen-Knockdown</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>CRISPRi basiert – wie auch die <a href="CRISPR/Cas-Methode" title="CRISPR/Cas-Methode">CRISPR/Cas-Methode</a> und <a href="CRISPRa" title="CRISPRa">CRISPRa</a> – auf einem antiviralen Abwehrmechanismus in Bakterien, dem <a href="CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRISPRi verwendet einen <a href="RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>-<a href="Proteinkomplex" title="Proteinkomplex">Proteinkomplex</a>, der an eine DNA-Sequenz binden kann und dort die <a href="Genexpression" title="Genexpression">Genexpression</a> gewünschter <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gene</a>inhibieren kann. Dabei wird die Eigenschaft von <a href="Cas9" title="Cas9">Cas9</a> mit einer <a href="SgRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="SgRNA">sgRNA</a> genutzt, an eine gewünschte DNA-Sequenz zu binden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Cas9 mit sgRNA natürlicherweise auch die gebundene DNA schneidet, wird eine <a href="Mutante" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutante">Mutante</a> von Cas9 namens dCas9 (von <i>dead Cas9</i>) verwendet, die keine DNA mehr schneiden kann, weil die <a href="Endonuklease" title="Endonuklease">Endonukleasefunktion</a> für beide DNA-Stränge durch bestimmte <a href="Punktmutation" title="Punktmutation">Punktmutationen</a> (<a href="Asparagins%C3%A4ure" title="Asparaginsäure">D</a>10<a href="Alanin" title="Alanin">A</a> und <a href="Histidin" title="Histidin">H</a>840A) deaktiviert ist.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Eukaryotisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotisch">eukaryotischen</a> Zellen wird dCas9 mit einem <a href="Kernlokalisierungssignal" title="Kernlokalisierungssignal">Kernlokalisierungssignal</a> verwendet, damit dCas9 in den <a href="Zellkern" title="Zellkern">Zellkern</a> importiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID23452860_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID23452860-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bakterien kann CRISPRi sowohl in <a href="Gram-negativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negativ">Gram-negativen</a> <i>E. coli</i><sup id="cite_ref-PMID23360965_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID23360965-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID27996021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27996021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> als auch <a href="Gram-positiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positiv">Gram-positiven</a> <i>B. subtilis</i> verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27238023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27238023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch bakterielle <a href="Konjugation_(Biologie)" title="Konjugation (Biologie)">Konjugation</a> kann CRISPRi im Sinne eines <a href="Horizontaler_Gentransfer" title="Horizontaler Gentransfer">horizontalen Gentransfers</a> an andere Bakterien und Bakterienarten weitergegeben werden.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID25409531_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID25409531-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aufgrund der einfachen modularen Gestaltung der sgRNA eignet sich CRISPRi zum <a href="Hochdurchsatz-Screening" title="Hochdurchsatz-Screening">Hochdurchsatz-Screening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24136345-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch Verwendung mehrerer sgRNA können parallel mehrere Gene gehemmt werden.
</p><p>Zur Verstärkung der Hemmwirkung kann ein <a href="Fusionsprotein" title="Fusionsprotein">Fusionsprotein</a> von dCas9 mit einem <a href="Repressor" title="Repressor">Repressor</a> verwendet werden, z. B. mit der <a href="Proteindom%C3%A4ne" title="Proteindomäne">Proteindomäne</a> Krüppel associated box (KRAB).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23849981_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23849981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitere Faktoren, welche die Effizienz von CRISPRi beeinflussen, sind die Bindung in der Nähe des Startpunktes der Transkription, das Design der sgRNA und zugängliche Bereiche im <a href="Chromatin" title="Chromatin">Chromatin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch eine suboptimale Bindung der sgRNA an die DNA-Zielsequenz können auch geringere Hemmungsquoten erzielt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24136345-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Notwendigkeit eines Vorhandenseins eines <a href="Protospacer_Adjacent_Motif" title="Protospacer Adjacent Motif">Protospacer Adjacent Motif</a> (PAM) in der zu bindenden DNA begrenzt die Anzahl möglicher Zielsequenzen.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24136345-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chromatinfaltungen und DNA-Modifikationen könnten die Bindung des dCas9-sgRNA-Komplexes stören.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24136345-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRISPRi kann auch andere Gene in unmittelbarer Umgebung zur Zielsequenz hemmen, die beispielsweise <a href="Splei%C3%9Fen_(Biologie)" title="Spleißen (Biologie)">gespleißt</a> werden oder auf dem gegenüberliegenden DNA-Strang liegen. Ebenso kann auch ein bidirektionaler <a href="Promotor_(Genetik)" title="Promotor (Genetik)">Promotor</a> in beiden Richtungen gehemmt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1093/nar/gkw883_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1093/nar/gkw883-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine alternative Methode zur Hemmung einer Genexpression verwendet die <a href="RNA-Interferenz" title="RNA-Interferenz">RNA-Interferenz</a>. Während CRISPRi die Transkription eines bestimmten Gens hemmt, führt die RNA-Interferenz zu einem Abbau bestimmter RNA-Sequenzen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. S. Qi, M. H. Larson, L. A. Gilbert, <a href="Jennifer_Doudna" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Doudna">J. A. Doudna</a>, <a href="Jonathan_Weissman" title="Jonathan Weissman">J. S. Weissman</a>, A. P. Arkin, W. A. Lim: <i>Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 152, Nummer 5, Februar 2013, S.&nbsp;1173–1183, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022">10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23452860?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23452860</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664290/">PMC&nbsp;3664290</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Rodolphe_Barrangou" title="Rodolphe Barrangou">R. Barrangou</a>, C. Fremaux, H. Deveau, M. Richards, P. Boyaval, S. Moineau, D. A. Romero, <a href="Philippe_Horvath" title="Philippe Horvath">P. Horvath</a>: <i>CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> Band 315, Nummer 5819, März 2007, S.&nbsp;1709–1712, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138140">10.1126/science.1138140</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379808?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17379808</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Jiang, D. Bikard, D. Cox, F. Zhang, <a href="Luciano_Marraffini" title="Luciano Marraffini">L. A. Marraffini</a>: <i>RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a>.</i> Band 31, Nummer 3, März 2013, S.&nbsp;233–239, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2508">10.1038/nbt.2508</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360965?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23360965</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748948/">PMC&nbsp;3748948</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. J. Brocken, M. Tark-Dame, R. T. Dame: <i>dCas9: A Versatile Tool for Epigenome Editing.</i> In: <i>Current issues in molecular biology.</i> Band 26, 2018, S.&nbsp;15–32, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.026.015">10.21775/cimb.026.015</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28879853?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28879853</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID23452860-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID23452860_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. S. Qi, M. H. Larson, L. A. Gilbert, J. A. Doudna, J. S. Weissman, A. P. Arkin, W. A. Lim: <i>Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 152, Nummer 5, Februar 2013, S.&nbsp;1173–1183, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022">10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23452860?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23452860</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664290/">PMC&nbsp;3664290</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID23360965-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID23360965_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Jiang, D. Bikard, D. Cox, F. Zhang, L. A. Marraffini: <i>RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a>.</i> Band 31, Nummer 3, März 2013, S.&nbsp;233–239, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2508">10.1038/nbt.2508</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360965?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23360965</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748948/">PMC&nbsp;3748948</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID27996021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID27996021_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">X. T. Li, Y. Jun, M. J. Erickstad, S. D. Brown, A. Parks, D. L. Court, S. Jun: <i>tCRISPRi: tunable and reversible, one-step control of gene expression.</i> In: <i><a href="Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>.</i> Band 6, 12 2016, S.&nbsp;39076, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39076">10.1038/srep39076</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27996021?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27996021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5171832/">PMC&nbsp;5171832</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID27238023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID27238023_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Peters, A. Colavin, H. Shi, T. L. Czarny, M. H. Larson, S. Wong, J. S. Hawkins, C. H. Lu, B. M. Koo, E. Marta, A. L. Shiver, E. H. Whitehead, J. S. Weissman, E. D. Brown, L. S. Qi, K. C. Huang, C. A. Gross: <i>A Comprehensive, CRISPR-based Functional Analysis of Essential Genes in Bacteria.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 165, Nummer 6, Juni 2016, S.&nbsp;1493–1506, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.003">10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27238023?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27238023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894308/">PMC&nbsp;4894308</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID25409531-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID25409531_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Ji, D. Lee, E. Wong, P. Dadlani, D. Dinh, V. Huang, K. Kearns, S. Teng, S. Chen, J. Haliburton, G. Heimberg, B. Heineike, A. Ramasubramanian, T. Stevens, K. J. Helmke, V. Zepeda, L. S. Qi, W. A. Lim: <i>Specific gene repression by CRISPRi system transferred through bacterial conjugation.</i> In: <i>ACS synthetic biology.</i> Band 3, Nummer 12, Dezember 2014, S.&nbsp;929–931, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/sb500036q">10.1021/sb500036q</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409531?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25409531</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4277763/">PMC&nbsp;4277763</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid24136345-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24136345_10-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Larson, L. A. Gilbert, X. Wang, W. A. Lim, J. S. Weissman, L. S. Qi: <i>CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) for sequence-specific control of gene expression.</i> In: <i>Nature protocols.</i> Band 8, Nummer 11, November 2013, S.&nbsp;2180–2196, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.132">10.1038/nprot.2013.132</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136345?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24136345</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922765/">PMC&nbsp;3922765</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23849981-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23849981_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. A. Gilbert, M. H. Larson, L. Morsut, Z. Liu, G. A. Brar, S. E. Torres, N. Stern-Ginossar, O. Brandman, E. H. Whitehead, J. A. Doudna, W. A. Lim, J. S. Weissman, L. S. Qi: <i>CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes.</i> In: <i><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a>.</i> Band 154, Nummer 2, Juli 2013, S.&nbsp;442–451, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.044">10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.044</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849981?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23849981</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770145/">PMC&nbsp;3770145</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Radzisheuskaya, D. Shlyueva, I. Müller, K. Helin: <i>Optimizing sgRNA position markedly improves the efficiency of CRISPR/dCas9-mediated transcriptional repression.</i> In: <i>Nucleic acids research.</i> Band 44, Nummer 18, Oktober 2016, S.&nbsp;e141, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar%2Fgkw583">10.1093/nar/gkw583</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27353328?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27353328</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5062975/">PMC&nbsp;5062975</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1093/nar/gkw883-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1093/nar/gkw883_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashish Goyal, Ksenia Myacheva, Matthias Groß, Marcel Klingenberg, Berta Duran Arqué, Sven Diederichs: <i>Challenges of CRISPR/Cas9 applications for long non-coding RNA genes.</i> In: <i>Nucleic Acids Research.</i> , S.&nbsp;E12, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar%2Fgkw883">10.1093/nar/gkw883</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27694625?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27694625</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388423/">PMC&nbsp;5388423</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-01-20" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=CRISPRi&amp;oldid=252444700">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>